📄 Abstract
The increasing complexity of contemporary research problems has intensified the need for robust methodological frameworks that guide researchers in designing coherent, rigorous, and transparent studies. Among these frameworks, the Research Onion Model developed by Saunders, Lewis, and Thornhill has gained widespread recognition across social science research. Despite its extensive adoption, persistent confusion remains regarding the philosophical assumptions, methodological choices, and practical applications embedded within the model. This study critically reviewed the Research Onion Model to examine its theoretical foundations, evaluate its strengths and limitations, assess the suitability of its methodological options across different research contexts, and explore its contemporary relevance in light of emerging methodological developments. The study employed a qualitative literature review approach, synthesizing evidence from contemporary methodological scholarship on research philosophies, methodological choices, mixed-methods research, pragmatism, and critical realism. The analysis focused on the six layers of the Research Onion. The findings indicate that the Research Onion remains a valuable framework for promoting methodological coherence by linking philosophical assumptions to research design decisions. The review highlights the growing prominence of pragmatism, critical realism, methodological pluralism, and mixed-methods research, which challenge traditional linear interpretations of the model and support more flexible and iterative approaches to research design. The study concludes that the Research Onion continues to provide a relevant and effective framework for contemporary research but requires adaptation to accommodate interdisciplinary inquiry, digital research methodologies, and evolving methodological practices. It recommends greater emphasis on philosophical justification, methodological flexibility, and the integration of emerging research approaches to enhance methodological rigor and relevance in increasingly complex research environments.
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📚 How to Cite:
Dr. Bashir M. Maalim, Dr. George M. Wanjobi , THE RESEARCH ONION MODEL: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF PHILOSOPHICAL FOUNDATIONS, METHODOLOGICAL CHOICES, AND CONTEMPORARY APPLICATIONS IN SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH , Volume 12 , Issue 6, June 2026, EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR) , Pages: 671 - 677 ,